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15 Years Later, No Truth or Justice for Missing Priest and Aide


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15 Years Later, No Truth or Justice for Missing Priest and Aide

on 08/20/2021

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Photo courtesy of Ruki Fernando

On August 20, 2006, Father Jim Brown, a Catholic Priest, and Wenceslaus Vimalathas, his associate, disappeared. They were last seen at a Navy check point in Allaipiddy in the Jaffna district while they were going to visit displaced civilians in the Navy controlled village.

August was a tragic month for Allaipiddy. On the night August 12, the parish priest, Father Brown had welcomed civilians flocking to the local Catholic church seeking refuge from the fighting. But the church was also attacked and 36 people were killed in the premises and many more injured. Father Brown pleaded with Navy officers to allow the injured to be taken away. In May, nine civilians were killed in the village, including a four month-old infant and four year-old child.

It was a time when many Tamils were being subjected to enforced disappearances in the highly militarized Jaffna District and other parts of the country but due to the fact that he was a Catholic priest, Father Brown’s disappearance became well known. The past 15 years have shown that there can be no truth and justice even for the disappearance of a Catholic priest. Less than three years after he disappeared, on the last day of the war in May 2009 another Catholic priest, Father Francis Joseph, disappeared after he was last seen surrendering to the Army and taken away in a bus. There have been other Catholic priests who have also disappeared and been killed and they have all been people who opted to provide support to oppressed civilians and raised their voices against injustices. More than 65,000 complaints have been received by state institutions about Sri Lankans who have disappeared.

In an article written five years ago, journalist D. B. S. Jeyaraj said that the Navy had refused to hand over the log book of the checkpoint where Father Brown had been last seen to the police despite an order from the Acting Magistrate who had visited the area. He also reported that the Navy had fired gun shots in the air as the Magistrate and the police were leaving Allaipiddy. A 2007 report by University Teachers for Human Rights-Jaffna (UTHR-Jaffna) had a similar narrative. Both explain that the Navy has been hostile to Father Brown and that Navy’s version of the time he had reported to the check point defers from that of an eyewitness, a Catholic priest.

Father Brown’s disappearance and the May 2006 massacre in Allaipiddy together with the killing of four others in two nearby villages were among 16 high profile incidents of serious violations of human rights that a Presidential Commission of Inquiry appointed in 2006 was asked to investigate. Their report in May 2009 said that Father Brown’s case was not investigated due to lack of evidence and as the body of the “alleged deceased” was not found. The Commission said they didn’t have time to investigate the Allaipiddy massacre.

Father Brown’s mother passed away without knowing what happened to him. Whenever I visit, his elderly father always wonders whether he will know what happened before he too passes away.

Attacks on churches 

Allaipiddy Catholic church is not the only church in the Jaffna diocese that had seen civilians being killed inside it during the war. The 1995 July aerial attack on Navaly Catholic church and surrounding village resulted in about 147 civilians being killed, many of them of whom were displaced and seeking refuge in the church. Several civilians were also been killed in the aerial attack on the Gurunagar Catholic church in 1993.

In 2019, in quite a different context, on Easter Sunday suicide bombers attacked two Catholic churches in the Colombo Archdiocese and Zion Church in Batticaloa, resulting in deaths of about 200 in three churches. Simultaneous attacks in hotels caused about 70 more deaths. About 600 are estimated to have been injured.

Tomorrow, two years and four months after the attacks, the Archdiocese of Colombo has called for a campaign to demand truth and justice by raising black flags at home and ringing church bells. Similar to the Black Sunday protest in March this year demanding justice for Easter Sunday attacks, the call to raise black flags has already received wide publicity in the media. The Archbishop of Colombo, Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith, and many Catholics have expressed lack of hope and trust in domestic processes for truth and justice and called for international justice. These demands and sentiments echoes those of Tamils (including Catholics) for decades, including for incidents such as the disappearance of Father Brown. Irrespective of whether it is domestic or international, joint efforts by different ethnic groups will strengthen struggles for justice as well as solidarity and co-existence.

Read other articles by the author on Father Brown and church bombings here and here.

 

https://groundviews.org/2021/08/20/15-years-later-no-truth-or-justice-for-missing-priest-and-aide/

 

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When the Tamil Catholic Priest Fr.Jim Brown was made to “Disappear” in Jaffna Fifteen Years Ago.

 

By D.B.S. Jeyaraj

(This is a modified version of an article written for “The Sundy Leader” on September 3rd 2006. It is being reproduced here to denote the 15th anniversary of the “disappearance”of Tamil Catholic Priest Fr.Jim Brown who went “missing”in Jaffna on August 20th 2006)

Members of the Catholic faith in Jaffna were greatly agitated in the last week of August 2006 when it became known that the Diocesan hierarchy was actively considering the recalling of priests from parishes in problematic, insecure areas. If the decision was implemented Catholic priests from the Northern Islands, Vadamaratchy East and some parts of Thenmaratchy would have left their churches and taken up residence temporarily at Colombothurai in Jaffna. The “shepherds” would have been absent when their respective “flocks” were undergoing great harship and fear.

http://dbsjeyaraj.com/filmalaya/FJB9226.jpg

Fr. Thiruchelvam Nihal Jim Brown

Naturally the Catholic laity of those areas were agitated and upset. So too were other parishioners in other areas of Jaffna. There was much anguish and tears. “Do not desert us at our time of peril and need” many sobbed and wailed. Emotional appeals were made to Jaffna Caholic Bishop Rt. Rev Dr.Thomas Soundranayagam. The prelate took the feelings of his flock into consideration and changed his mind. The endangered flocks got their shepherds back.

What made Bishop Soundranayagam contemplate such a drastic measure in the first place? It was out of a sense of concern and anxiety over the safety of Catholic clergymen in Jaffna. Given the uncertain and unsafe conditions prevalent in Jaffna the Bishop felt that his priests should not be exposed to danger unnecessarily. He was particularly worried about the younger priests and those in charge of churches facing insecurity and security force related problems in unsafe areas.

The reason for Bishop Soundranayagam to have even thought of this was due perhaps to an emotional upheaval. He had been deeply troubled and saddened by what had apparently befallen a young priest in his Diocese, 34 year old Fr. Thiruchelvam Nihal Jim Brown.

He had been presumably named Jim Brown by his devout parents after a well known missionary priest who served in Jaffna during the fifties and sixties. The senior Fr. Jim Brown was the livewire behind the Catholic press of Jaffna and the Diocesan flagship journal “Sathiya Vetha Paathukaavalan”. The young Tamil priest was named so in his honour.

Rev. Fr. Jim Brown the parish priest of Allaipiddy in Jaffna had gone “missing” from Sunday Aug 20th. Another lay social worker accompanying him had also gone missing. The Navy stationed in Allaipiddy were suspected of being responsible. But there was no concrete proof. Despite much effort to trace Fr. Jim Brown’s whereabouts there was no success. The incident had upset and saddened the Catholic clergy and laity in Jaffna.

Bishop Soundranayagam was particularly concerned as the young priest grew up in his Diocess and entered priesthood under his benign guidance. He was an active worker with a keen social conscience. According to Church circles Fr. Jim Brown was almost a protegee of the Bishop.He felt the “loss” keenly.

An adoration service was held at St. Johns Church Jaffna on Aug 24th to pray to God for Fr. Jim Brown and the layman Wenceslaus Vimaladhas. Bishop Soundranayagam participated and shared his thoughts and experiences about Fr. Jim Brown. The Bishop had met the priest on Saturday Aug 19th. In a very long conversation the priest had told his superior about what had happened in Allaipiddy the week before when the LTTE has launched an operation in the area and how more than 850 members of his parish were displaced.

When the Bishop had asked the priest to stay on in Jaffna at the Bishops House the latter had replied that he needed to go back to supply drinking water to the displaced people. “Lord, my people are waiting for drinking water, I’ll deliver these water bottles and then I’ll come back” he had said. As the Bishop continued he observed “When his parents come and ask me, – Lord we gave our son to you to serve God, and where is he now? – how could I answer them”.

An emotionally upset Bishop could not speak further at this point. He was silent for a while and then recovering continued with his address. This _expression of personal trauma may help explain the Bishop’s mindset in opting to recall priests serving under dangerous conditions.

Rev. Fr.Jim Brown born in 1972 had studied for the priesthood at St. Xaviers Seminary and was fully ordained as a priest in 2004. He served his Obedience period in a Mannar Church. He was appointed to the St. Philips Neri’s Church in Allaipiddy only a few months ago. It was a very “difficult” parish to serve due the prevalent security situation. Allaipiddy has been very much in the eye of a storm in recent times.

On May 13th four men went on a shooting spree in Allaipiddy. Nine people including a four year old child and four month infant were butchered in cold blood. The Navy and Eelam Peoples Democratic Party (EPDP) were allegedly implicated. Terrified civiians from the predominantly Catholic locality took refuge at Philip Neri’s church. It was the then parish priest Fr. Amalaraj who first went with villagers to the house where residents had been shot to death.

Thereafter the panic stricken people fled from Allaipiddy. Some went to Kilinochchi. Others took refuge in two churches in Jaffna town and Navanthurai. After a while the people returned with security guarantees being given. Fr. Amalaraj played a constructive role in giving leadership to the fear stricken community at its time of need.

Fr. Amalraj came under threat due to this. EPDP controlled and financed media organs and websites began accusing Fr. Amalraj of being a tiger sympathiser. Several threats were issued. Security personnel in the area were hostile. Fearing for Fr. Amalraj’s life the Church transferred him out of Allaipiddy to Poonagary. Fr. Jim Brown was posted to Allaipiddy. It was a courageous move by Fr. Brown to go to Allaipiddy under such circumstances. It was in the finest Christian tradition of “Here I am; Send me O Lord “.

The new priest with his youthful looks and bubbly charm became a popular priest in a very short time. The parishioners clung to him as people drowning would desperately hang on to a lifeline. Fr. Jim Brown’s great challenge came on Aug 12th 2006 when the LTTE landed in Mandaitheevu and fought its way up Allaipddy, Mankumban etc.As fighting ensued frightened residents of Allaipiddy converged at the Philip Neri’s Church. Fr. Jim Brown was a tower of strength.

In the early hours of the morning on Aug 13th the Army camps in Jaffna town began using multi – barrel rocket launchers to fire on Allaipiddy – Mandaitheevu areas to dispel the tigers. Both Mandaitheevu and Allaipiddy are situated along the Pannai causeway and are only a short distance away from Jaffna town. Some of the shells fell in the vicinity of Philip Neri’s church and on the church itself. The church was damaged. Tragically 16 people taking refuge inside and 4 outside the church were killed. 54 people were injured.

Fr. Jim Brown endeared himself to his parishioners by giving leadership at a critical juncture. After the artillery firing subsided he gathered the people and marched towards the security barriers pleading that they be allowed to go elsewhere for safety reasons. The Navy and Army refused wanting perhaps to keep the people there as “human shields”. But Fr. Jim Brown’s persistent pleas made the authorities relent. Permission was given to go to Oorkavalthurai or Kayts.

Thereafter with the help of Catholic priests from Kayts vehicles were brought and more than 850 Allaipiddy parishioners were transported and housed at St. Mary’s Church. Some of the injured were treated at the Kayts hospital. But Fr. Brown did not rest. With the security authorities refusing to let the badly injured be taken to Jaffna for treatment Fr. Brown managed to go to Jaffna himself.

He informed Jaffna addl magistrate Srinidhy Nandasekeran of the serious situation and requested her urgent assistance. She promptly obliged. Due to Ms. Nandaseleran’s intervention the transport restrictions were lifted. Fr. Brown accompanied the Magistrate and went along with a convoy of ambulances and vehicles to transport the injured to Jaffna Hospital. Thereafter Fr. Brown shuttled between Allaipiddy, Kayts and Jaffna tending to his dispersed and dejected parish tirelessly.

After providing food and water to the displaced parishioners for two days Fr. Jim Brown along with Fr. James of Kayts came to Jaffna .They obtained the aid of “Caritas” to cater to the needs of the displaced. Many had fled with only the clothes they were wearing. Fr. Brown persuaded the authorities to allow provisions in bulk to be taken to Kayts. He also obtained permission for the people to return to Allaipiddy and take away clothes and essential items.

Signs of positive leadership among the beleaguered Tamil community is frowned upon by the powers that be. Besides Christian priests have been regarded suspiciously as being sympathetic towards the LTTE. As in the case of his predecessor Fr. Amalaraj , several threats were made to Fr Jim Brown too.One accusation levelled against him by the local chief of Navy at Allaipiddy was that he along with other civilians had helped dig bunkers for the LTTE. The priest politely denied these charges and went about with his work fearing only God in heaven and no man on earth.

It was on Saturday Aug 19th that he met his Lord Bishop and related all what befell Allaipiddy. He declined an invitation to stay on at Bishops House saying he had to take drinking water to the displaced parishioners at Allaipiddy.Thereafter Fr. Jim Brown returned to Kayts.

On the following Sunday Aug 20th Fr. Jim Brown assisted in morning mass at Kayts. He then left Kayts at about 12. 30 pm on a red coloured motor cycle NPGO 6486 with a lay social worker riding on the pillion. Fr. Jim Brown’s ill – fated companion was 40 year old Wenceslaus Vimalathas known generally as Vimalan. When Fr. Jim Brown wanted to go to Mandaitheevu he was refused permission by the naval personnel. He then proceeded to Jaffna town to make some quick and urgent telephone calls.

Both then returned and obtained permission to enter Allaipiddy again. Particulars of his “entry” at the Allaipiddy road junction security post was duly recorded at 1. 50 pm. There was also another priest who witnessed this. This was Fr. Peter Thurairatnam of the Naranthanai parish. This was the last time any known person had seen Fr. Jim Brown and Vimalan.Thereafter they simply “disappeared”.

Priests and parishioners became worried at their absence and alerted Church leaderss. The Kayts Police were also informed. Since they had been last seen at Allaipiddy junction inquiries were directed there first. Church authorities as well as the Police were informed that Fr. Jim Brown and his vehicle had been registered “in” at Allaipiddy at 1. 50 pm. They were then registered “out” at the same post at 2. 10 pm. When the Police wanted to chek the records the navy refused to show the particulars.

Kayts Magistrate Srinidhi Nandasekaran was informed of Fr. Jim Brown’s disappearance by a Catholic priest on the morning of Aug 22. She asked church authorities to lodge an entry with the Police. She then proceeded with the Police to the Allaipiddy checkpoint in the afternoon of August 22. She too was told that Fr. Jim Brown had entered Allaipiddy at 1.50 pm and exited at 2.10 pm. The magistrate then asked Police to take charge of the Navy logbook recording “ins” and “outs”. The Navy refused to let the Police have the logbook. The Magistrate then left with the Police. As they returned to Jaffna guns were fired into the air by navy personnel at Allaipiddy.

Ms. Nandasekaran who intended pursuing the Fr. Brown disappearance matter further was in for a rude shock on August 23. She was relieved of her duties as Acting Kayts Magistrate by the Judicial Services Commission (JSC). She was instructed to revert to her duties as Jaffna Additional Magistrate and desist from any activity falling under the jurisdiction of Kayts, After a few months she was transferred to the Juvenile Courts in Colombo. This was the time when Sarath Nanda Silva functioned as the Chief Justice of Sri Lanka. He virtually ruled the judicial roost in those days. The quest to discover the truth about Fr. Jim Brown’s disappearance was seriously jeopardized after the authoritative “Silencing”of Magistrate Srinidhi Nandasekaran.

Inquiries made at all Catholic Churches in the Peninsula failed to reveal any information about the missing priest and pillion rider. It was feared that they had been arrested by the Navy at Allaipiddy. Bishop Soundranayagam contacted Rear Admiral Upali Ranaweera ,Northern region Commander of the Navy.Ranaweera who denied that the two men were arrested and reiterated the navy version that both had left through the Allaipiddy checkpost for Jaffna. 72 hours after they went “missing” it became apparent that both had “disappeared”.

A much worried Jaffna diocesan hierarchy made representations to a wide section of people ranging from the UN Secretary – General in New York to the Papal Nuncio in Colombo. The Human Rights Commission, ICRC,Kayts magistrate, 51st Brigade commander etc have all been notified. The Amnesty International issued a statement. Catholic clergy and laity in Mannar and Kilinochchi staged hunger fasts, silent processions etc and submitted petitions to local and international officials. Church sevices were held widely entreating the almighty.

On Aug 29th Catholic people converged at the Our Lady of Refuge Church on 4th cross street , Jaffna and proceeded to the Cathedral in procession carrying placards with Fr. Jim Brown’s picture. As they reached the water tank checkpost on main street they were stopped by the army who refused to let them citing emergency regulations. No amount of pleading by priests made them relent. Thereafter the people turned back.

Ever since the arrests of Fr, Singarayer and Fr. Sinnarasa in 1982 on charges of maintaining links to the tigers there has been a general suspicion that Tamil Catholic priests are closet supporters of the LTTE. Veteran cartoonist Wijesoma drew a memorable caricature then of a tiger tail jutting out from under the cassock of a priest. The fact that both Singarayar and Sinnarasa were discharged by the courts years later is not remembered. Many Catholic priests were treated with suspicion and constantly harassed.In one instance two priests taking some barbed wire to Jaffna from Colombo were detained.

Some priests paid the supreme price. Fr. Mary Bastian from Vankalai went missing in 1985 with some others. They were never found. A few days later Rev Jeyarajasingham a methodist priest and his wife were found burnt to death in their vehicle at Murunkan.An American Jesuit priest in Batticaloa Fr. Herbiet went missing while travelling through Eravur in 1990. Another priest. Fr. Selvarajah went missing in Sorikalmunai in Amparai district the same year. Fr. Wenceslaus at Tholagatty monastery was killed in 1986 by security forces. Fr. Chandra Fernando of Batticaloa was shot dead in 1988 by EPRLF/ENDLF assassins.

There are many recent instances of Catholics in the North – East suffering at the hands of security forces or their henchmen. Civilian Catholics have been killed in places like Vankalai, Allaipiddy and Pesalai.. In Pesalai members of the armed forces fired at and threw grenades at cowering refugees inside a Church. In Batticaloa state – backed gunmen shot Tamil Parliamentarian Joseph Pararajasingham during Christmas mass at the St. Mary’s Cathedral at the time of holy communion in the presence of Bishop Kingsley Swampillai. Now a young Catholic priest has “disappeared” and the security forces are prime suspects.

Even as Tamil Catholics are deeply disturbed at these developments there seems to be practically no concern evinced by Sinhala Catholic clergy or laity. Even though Sinhala and Tamil Catholics subscribe to the “one, Holy Catholic Church” the ethnic divide has torn even the Church asunder. Regretfully the chasm has grown wider after Rt. Rev Oswald Gomis became Colombo Arch Bishop.

After the then Ratnapura Bishop Malcolm Ranjith went abroad there has been no Sinhala Catholic Bishop reaching out to the North – Eastern flock. Sadly not one word of empathy has come out publicly from the Catholic South about the plight of their Northern brethren. Getting Mahinda Rajapakse to ban “Da Vinci Code” is deemed more important than trying to repair a fractured Church.

Even as Tamil Christians struggle to cope with their troubles and sorrow they must also remember that they are being victimised not as Christians but as Tamils. In their suffering Christian Tamils are one with their Hindu brethren. By their indifference and lack of concern Sinhala Catholics are demonstrating that they are more “Sinhala” than “Catholic”. Mirror images are flourishing among Tamil Catholics too. Even Our Lady of Madhu seems unable or unwilling to check this growing separateness.

Meanwhile Tamil Catholics will continue to mourn for Fr. Jim Brown as they have done for others before. His disappearance cannot be treated as an isolated incident. It was part of the on going state terror campaign to crush and stifle any sign of Tamil dissidence and defiance. Catholic Priests provide great leadership to their parishioners at times of trouble and distress. Killing them or making them “disappear” intimidates and demoralises the people. The “disappearance” of Rev Fr. Jim Brown can only be viewed from that perspective.Fifteen Years have passed since Fr.Jim Brown was made to disappear on August 20th 2006.. This modified article is being re-posted to denote the 15th anniversary of the “Missing” Tamil Catholic Priest.

D.B.S.Jeyaraj can be reached at dbsjeyaraj@yahoo.com

http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/1723?fbclid=IwAR1jes7kHh2GoS1ubkdmUVf2Ek6nMWhi1AioQUgJx4A3HHd8-fpry1Z0R38

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      அந்த 2001 பொங்கலின் மறுநாள் அவனது குரல்வழி வந்த அந்தச் செய்தி. என் உயிர் நாடிகளை இப்போதும் வலிக்கச் செய்கிறது. அது அவனுக்கும் அவனது அவர்களுக்கும் புதிதில்லைத்தான். அது அவர்களின் இலட்சியத்துக்கு இன்னும் வலுச்சேர்க்கும். ஆனால் என்னால் அழாமல் , அதைப்பற்றி எண்ணாமல் , இனிவரும் வருடங்களில் எந்தப் பொங்கலையும் கொண்டாட முடியாதபடி எனக்குள் அவனது குரலும் அவன் தந்த செய்திகளும் ஒலித்துக் கொண்டேயிருக்கும்.
      • 1 reply
    • பாலியல் சுதந்திரமின்றி பெண்விடுதலை சாத்தியமில்லை - செல்வன்


      Friday, 16 February 2007

      காதலர் தினத்தை வழக்கமான தமது அரசியல் நிலைபாடுகளை பொறுத்து அணுகும் செயலை பல்வேறு தரப்பினரும் உற்சாகமாக செய்து வருகின்றனர்.கிரீட்டிங் கார்டுகளையும், சாக்லடுகளையும் விற்க அமெரிக்க கம்பனிகள் சதி செய்வதாக கூறி காம்ரேடுகள் இதை எதிர்த்து வருகின்றனர்.அமெரிக்க கலாச்சாரத்தை திணிக்க முயற்சி நடப்பதாக கூறி சிவசேனாவினரும் இதை முழுமூச்சில் எதிர்க்கின்றனர். தமிழ்நாட்டில் பாமக ராமதாஸ் இதை கண்டித்து அறிக்கை விட்டுள்ளார். பாகிஸ்தானிலும், அரபுநாடுகளிலும் இதை எதிர்த்து பத்வாக்கள் பிறப்பிக்கப்பட்டு அதை மீறி இளைஞர்கள் இதை கொண்டாடியதாக செய்திகள் வந்துள்ளன.
      • 19 replies
    • எனக்குப் பிடித்த ஒரு சித்தர் பாடல் (எந்தச் சித்தர் என்று மறந்து விட்டேன். கட்டாயம் தேவை என்றால் சொல்லுங்கள் எனது ஓலைச் சுவடிகளை புரட்டிப்பார்த்து பின்னர் அறியத் தருகிறேன்)

      நட்ட கல்லைத் தெய்வம் என்று நாலுபுட்பம் சாத்தியே
      சுற்றி வந்து முணுமுணென்று கூறுமந்த்ரம் ஏனடா
      நட்ட கல்லும் பேசுமோ நாதன் உள்ளிருக்கையில்
      சுட்ட சட்டி தட்டுவம் கறிச்சுவை அறியுமோ?


      பொருள்:
      சூளையில் வைத்துச் சுட்டுச் செய்த மண் பாத்திரத்தில் வைக்கும் கறியின் சுவை எப்படியானது என்று அந்தப் பாத்திரத்துக்கு விளங்குமா? அது போல, எம்முள்ளே எருக்கும் இறைவனை நீ அறியாமல் ஒரு கல்லினுள் கடவுள் இருப்பதாக நம்பி வெறும் கல்லை அராதித்து வழிபடுகிறாய்.
      • 4 replies
    • களத்தில் தற்போது சமயம் சம்ம்பந்தமாக பெரியா கருத்து பரிமாற்றம் நடக்கிறது, அங்கே கருத்தாடு பெரியவர்களே, அறிஞோர்களே உங்களால் இறைவன் இருக்கார் என்று ஆதாரத்துடன் நிரூபிக்க முடியுமா...........? முடிந்தால் நிரூபியூங்கள், நிரூபித்து விட்டு உங்கள் கருத்து மோதலை தொடருங்கள்
      • 37 replies
    • சமூகத்துக்கு பயனுடைய கல்விநிலை எது?

      பேராசிரியர் சோ. சந்திரசேகரன்

      இன்று நாட்டில் உள்ள கல்விமுறையையும் அதற்கு அப்பால் உள்ள கல்வி ஏற்பாடுகளையும் நோக்குமிடத்து, பல்வேறு கல்வி நிலைகளை இனங்காண முடியும். அவையாவன: ஆரம்பக்கல்வி, இடைநிலைக் கல்வி, பல்கலைக்கழகக் கல்வி உள்ளடங்கிய உயர் கல்வி, பாடசாலையில் வழங்கப்படும் (1-11 ஆம் வகுப்பு வரை) பொதுக்கல்வி, தொழில்நுட்பக்கல்வி, வளர்ந்தோர் கல்வி என்பன, இவை தவிர கருத்தாக்க ரீதியாக முறைசாராக் கல்வி, வாழ்க்கை நீடித்த கல்வி, தொடர்கல்வி எனப் பலவற்றை இனங்காண முடியும். இவற்றில் ஆரம்பக்கல்வி, இடைநிலைக்கல்வி, உயர்கல்வி என்னும் கல்வி நிலைகளே முறைசார்ந்த (Formal) கல்வியின் பிரதான நிலைகள் அல்லது கூறுகளாகும்.
      • 5 replies
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