Kapithan

உங்கள் கருத்தின்படி நாடாளுமன்றத்திற்கு கொண்டுவரப்படாத எதுவுமே பொதியுமல்ல தீர்வுமல்ல. சரி அப்படியே வைத்துக்கொண்டாலும், நடைமுறைப்படுத்த எந்த முயற்சியுமே எடுக்கப்படாத ஒரு விடயத்திற்கு ஏன் மரண தண்டனை”?

Joseph Elder 1930- Joseph Elder is an academic and lifelong Quaker peace activist with experience of mediating conflicts in Kashmir, Vietnam, Korea and Sri Lanka. He is a currently professor of Sociology and Languages and Cultures of Asia at the University of Wisconsin, USA. Elder was born in a Kurdish region of Iran, the son of a Presbyterian missionary, and lived in Tehran until he was 15. While a student at Oberlin College, Ohio, during the Korean War (1950-53), he told his draft board that he would go to jail rather than be inducted. Shortly after, he became a Quaker. In 1966, along with Adam Curle, he was part of a Quaker delegation who attempted reconciliation between Pakistan and India following the war in Kashmir. By listening carefully to each side and not imposing their own opinions, they were able to present the views of each party in the conflict to the other as though from the standpoint of an insider – an approach Quakers call ‘balanced partiality’. In 1969, Elder travelled twice to Hanoi on behalf of theAmerican Friends Service Committee to assess medical needs and to deliver medical supplies to civilians in North Vietnam. As well as assessing the need for medical supplies, he was able to convey messages from North Vietnam to the government in Washington. In 1984, during the civil war between the Tamil minority and the nationalist Sinhalese government in Sri Lanka, Elder was sent as one of the two-man Quaker delegation to determine whether Quaker involvement in reconciliation efforts was feasible. They had no prior involvement or contacts in the country and were effectively starting from scratch. Although, on the surface, the two groups were highly polarised, Elder believed that, on the basis of the initial contacts, that Quakers could play a useful role as “message carriers” between the two groups. During 1985, Elder and his Quaker colleague travelled repeatedly to Sri Lanka and India to meet with leaders on both sides, on missions funded by QPSW (Quaker Peace and Social Witness) in London. Through a series of private meetings, they were able to sow the seeds for the formal mediation conference convened by the Indian government in Bhutan later that year. Elder imposed two key conditions for Quaker involvement. First, nothing about the Quaker role should be revealed publicly. Secondly, if either party felt their role was no longer useful, the Quakers would withdraw. These conditions emphasised that the Quakers had no overriding interests in the conflict and that control of the negotiations remained in the hands of the disputing parties. In 1989, Elder found himself once again in the role of message carrier, this time between the North Korean government in Pyongyang and the US government in Washington. In the 1990s, Elder helped to found Madison Quakers, Inc. which has built a peace park and a school in My Lai (scene of a massacre during the Vietnam war) , and also provides micro-loans to village and ethnic women in Vietnam. In 1995, Elder became a founder member of the International Committee for the Peace Council, a group of religious and spiritual individuals who are internationally known and respected. They come together to demonstrate that peace is possible, and that effective collaboration between religions to make peace is also possible. In 2009, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award for Peacemaking from Wisconsin Network for Peace and Justice. Recently, his experience of living in Iran and his long record of studying religion and society in South Asia have led to his views being sought on the tensions and conflict in Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan. Speaking of the role of the mediator, Elder said: “We have no power. We could easily be dismissed as do-gooders who should be back home minding our own business. The fact that we are taken as seriously… is a never-ending miracle, which I have only been able to explain in the context of our being able to provide a service which apparently is often not available through any other channel. So to this extent we have the power of the powerless of doing something which they can't do and they have no vehicle for doing.” https://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/201/Joseph-Elder Quakers have a long history of quiet assistance in peace processes in areas as diverse as Sri Lanka, Northern Ireland, Israel-Palestine and South Africa. https://www.quaker.org.uk/our-work/international-work/conciliation-work

விபு க்களினால் அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு விடயத்தை என்ன அடிப்படையில் பொய் என்கிறீர்கள்?

இந்தக் கட்டுரையில் இறுதியாக இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள படம் இலங்கை யுத்தத்தில் கொல்லப்பட்ட இராணுவத்தினரின் நினைவாக அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ள நினைவிடத்தில் எடுக்கப்பட்டது. BBC யை எங்கு கொண்டுபோய் வைவது? 😏

உந்த முட்டாள் கூட்டத்தின் அடாவடித்தனங்களால்தான் அன்ரன் பாலசிங்கம் அவர்கள் தனது இறுதிக் காலத்தில் போராட்டக் களத்தில் இருந்து வெளியேறி கவலையுடன் மரணத்தைத் தழுவியதாக நான் உணர்கிறேன். தமிழ் மக்களை இனி கடவுள்தான் காப்பாற்ற வேண்டும் என்று SJV கூறியது எம் மந்தைக் கூட்டத்தின் இழி நிலையை உணர்ந்துதான் . அதை இப்போது நான் உணர்கிறேன்.

முதலில் நாம் விட்ட தவறுகளை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ள வேண்டும். சரியான பாதையில் பயணிப்பதற்கு அதுதான் முதற்படி. ***

புலிகள் இல்லாத வெற்றிடத்தில், (தன்னைப் புலிகளின் குரல்தரவல்ல அதிகாரியாக பீற்றும் ஒருவர்) எந்த அடிப்படையில் கருத்து வெளியிடுவார்? அடிப்படை அறிவு வேண்டாமா இந்த முட்டாள்களுக்கு ? இந்த முட்டாள்கள் விடுதலைப் புலிகளுக்கு எவ்வளவு அவப்பெயரை சேர்க்கின்றனர் என்று உங்களுக்குப் புரியவில்லையா? இத்தனை தியாகங்களைத் தன்னகத்தே கொண்ட ஒரு போராட்டத்தில், தவறுகளை அடையாளம் கண்டு, அவகற்றைக் களைந்து, எல்லோரையும் ஒன்று சேர்த்து பயணிக்க வேண்டும் என்கிற அடிப்படை அறிவு கூட இல்லையா? புலிகளுக்கு நிதி சேகரித்த காரணத்தால் ஒருவர் விடுதலைப் போருக்கு உரிமை கொண்டாடுகிறார். இன்னொருவர் பல்வேறு தளங்களிலுமிருந்து தகவல்களை ஒன்று சேர்க்கும் காரணத்தால் புலிகளின் குரல்தரவல்ல அதிகாரியாகப் பீற்றுகிறார். மற்றும் சிலரோ ஊரில் விபு க்களின் காலத்தில் சைக்கிள் பார்க்கிங்கில் ரிக்கற் கிழித்தவர்கள் எல்லோரும் புலிகளின் ஆயுதம் தாங்கிய போராளிகளுக்கு நிகராக தங்களை கருதிக் கொண்டதுபோல தற்போது கருத்துக் கூறுகின்றனர். தனி மனிதப் படுகொலைகளை நியாயப்படுத்தும் செயலை எவ்வாறு நியாயப்படுத்துவீர்கள்? சரியாகச் சொன்னீர்கள. ***

ஆதாரம்? 🤣

1990 களில் jam போத்தல் விளக்குகளில் படித்தது நினைவிற்கு வருகிறது.

Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement Article Talk Language Watch Edit The Economic and Technology Co-operation Agreement (ETCA) is a proposed diplomatic arrangement that seeks to add to the existing free trade agreement between the Republic of Indiaand the Republic of Sri Lanka, primarily in relation to trade-in services and the service sector; it seeks to emulate a proto freedom-of-movementsystem and a single market.[1] Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena The proposal is championed by supporters as a method to introduce low-cost goods for low-income people in Sri Lanka and increase sales of high-end goods to India, while also making Sri Lanka more attractive for FDI.[2] But many lobby groups have become concerned that India would flood Sri Lanka with cheaper labor, with the IT industry in particular worried about the influx of cheaper Indian tech workers.[3] The high unemployment rate of India has been pointed out by many nationalist groups.[4] Sri Lanka expresses its gratitude to India for preventing a potential catastrophe and preserving peace.[5] The proposed agreement's impact has been estimated to be an increase of $500 billion to the common economy.[6] It has been likened to the economic union undertaken between the North-East Asian countries of Taiwan and People's Republic of China called the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement, and both agreements share issues with the island nation's people worrying about being undercut by cheaper laborers from the mainland.[7] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Technology_Cooperation_Agreement Resurgence of Sri Lanka-India Economic Ties: 12th Round of ETCA Negotiations Paves the Way for Prosperity November 02, 2023 In a significant development that marks a milestone in Sri Lanka’s economic and technological journey, the 12th Round of Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) negotiations between Sri Lanka and India took place from the 30th of October to the 1st of November 2023 in Colombo. Sri Lanka’s vision has always been to integrate with the largest economies in Asia and East Asia, emphasizing export diversification while maintaining and nurturing existing major export markets. The ultimate goal is to connect with key players through the global value chain to boost the country’s economy and improve the living standards of its people. The discussions during this round of negotiations hold immense promise. The visit of the President of Sri Lanka to New Delhi on the 29th of July 2023 set the stage for a renewed commitment to the ETCA, which had been on hold since 2018. Both the Heads of States, representing Sri Lanka and India, agreed to comprehensively enhance bilateral trade and investments, especially in new and priority areas. A delegation of 19 Indian officials, led by Shri Anant Swarup, Chief Negotiator and the Joint Secretary of the Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry of India, visited Sri Lanka. They engaged in extensive discussions on this comprehensive Agreement. Representing Sri Lanka in these crucial negotiations was the National Trade Negotiating Committee (NTNC), headed by Mr. K.J. Weerasinghe, the Chief Negotiator from the Presidential Secretariat. The Sri Lankan Negotiation Team included representatives from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Trade, Commerce and Food Security, Ministry of Industries, Department of Trade & Investment Policy, Attorney General’s Department, Department of Commerce, Department of Agriculture, Central Bank of Sri Lanka and Board of Investment, among others. The discussions during the 12th Round covered a wide range of topics, including Goods, Services, Rules of Origin, Trade remedies, Customs Procedures and Trade Facilitation, Technical Barriers to Trade, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Legal and Institutional Affairs. Additionally, a special session was dedicated to addressing implementation-related issues of the existing India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA). This resumption of ETCA negotiations represents a significant step towards strengthening the economic partnership between Sri Lanka and India. It underlines the commitment of both nations to foster collaboration in various sectors, ultimately benefiting their economies and the well-being of their citizens. As the talks progress, it is anticipated that this agreement will open up new avenues for trade and investment, bringing prosperity to both nations in the ever-evolving global landscape. https://www.news.lk/news/political-current-affairs/item/35844-resurgence-of-sri-lanka-india-economic-ties-12th-round-of-etca-negotiations-paves-the-way-for-prosperity

விசுகர், இத்தனை தியாகங்களைச் செய்த வி புக்களின் மீது பழி வந்து விழுமோ என்கிற பயம் தங்களின் எழுத்துக்களில் தெரிகிறது. அது தேவையற்றது என நினைக்கிறேன். ஏனென்றால் ஆயுதப் போராட்டம் என்பது தனியே விபு க்களுடன் மட்டுமே தொடர்புபட்டது அல்ல. பொது மக்கள், அத்தனை ஆயுதப் போராட்ட இயக்கங்கள், அரசியல்வாதிகள் என எல்லோரும் இதற்குள் அடங்குகின்றனர். விபு க்களது செயற்பாடுகளை அதிகம் ஆய்வு செய்ய வேண்டி ஏற்படுவதற்குக் காரணம் அவர்கள் மட்டுமே ஆயுதப் போராட்டத்தை வளர்த்து எடுத்து அடுத்த கட்டத்திற்கு கொண்டு சென்றனர் என்பதினாலாகும். விபு க்கள் மக்களுக்காகவே போராடினார்கள். அவர்கள் தமக்காகப் போராடவில்லை. எனவே எமது மக்களுக்கு எந்தச் செயற்பாடு நன்மை பயக்குமோ அதைத்தான் எல்லோரும் தெரிவு செய்ய வேண்டும்.

பதில் சொல்வதில் நேர்மை வேண்டாமா?

கடந்தகாலத் தவறுகளை இனங்கண்டு அவற்றை எதிர்காலத்தில் தவிர்க்க வேண்டும் என்பதில் தங்களுக்கு உடன்பாடா?

விமல் இப்போதும் சிகப்பு நிறச் சட்டை அணிகிறாரா?

இப்படி ஏதாவது ஒரு குண்டக்க மண்டக்க பிரச்சனை இருக்கும் என்று ஒரு சந்தேகம் இருந்தது சரியாகப் போய்விட்டது. ஆதிக்கம் என்பது பிழையான அர்த்தத்தில் மட்டும் விளங்கிக்கொள்வதற்கான சொல் அல்லவே? எதுக்கும் நெடுக்ஸ் வரட்டும்.

நெடுக்ஸ் ஆண் கிறீத்துவ மிசனறிகளை பிழையான அர்த்தத்தில் கூறவில்லை என யூகிக்கிறேன்.

சனநாயகம்தான் திறம் என்பார்கள். மேற்கின் கொள்கைகள்தான் better என்று கூறுவர. மேற்கிலேயே வசிப்பார்கள். ஆனால் மேற்கால் வெறுக்கப்படும், நாகரீக சமூகங்களால் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படாத அரசியல் தனிமனிதப் ப்டுகொலைகளை வரவேற்பார்கள். போற்றுவார்கள். வாழ்த்துவார்கள். ஆனால் தனிமனிதப் ப்டுகொலைகள் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட முடியாதவை மட்டுமல்ல, அவை எமக்குத் தீங்கானவை எனக் கூறுவோரை துரோகி என முத்திரை குத்துவர். ஒண்ணுமே புரியல உல்கத்துல. 😩

Kamikaze boat, rarest WWII killing machine, in Alabama Updated: Mar. 02, 2019, 12:06 p.m.| Published: Mar. 02, 2019, 6:28 a.m. Japanese Shinyo Kamikaze boat By Ben Raines | braines@al.com A Japanese Shinyo, or kamikaze boat, perhaps one of the rarest of all World War II killing machines, will soon be on display at Mobile’s Battleship Park. This is believed to be one of just three kamikaze boats still in existence. Most of the suicide boats were destroyed in fiery explosions after crashing into Allied ships during the war. The other two remaining specimens sit in museums in Japan and Australia. https://www.al.com/news/2019/03/kamikaze-boat-rarest-wwii-killing-machine-in-alabama.html உண்மைக்குப் புறம்பான தகவல்களை தவிர்த்து அறிவூட்டுவதே இவற்றை இங்கே இணைப்பதன் நோக்கம். வேறு நோக்கம் எதுவும் இல்லை.

1983 Beirut barracks bombings Article Talk Language Watch Edit Early on a Sunday morning, October 23, 1983, two truck bombs struck buildings in Beirut, Lebanon, housing American and French service members of the Multinational Force in Lebanon(MNF), a military peacekeeping operation during the Lebanese Civil War. The attack killed 307 people: 241 U.S. and 58 French military personnel, six civilians, and two attackers. 1983 Beirut barracks bombings Part of the Iran–Iraq War and the Lebanese Civil War A smoke cloud rises from the rubble of the bombed barracks at Beirut International Airport (BIA). Location 33°49′45″N35°29′41″E United States Marine Corps barracks, Beirut Airport 33°52′10″N35°29′17″E 'Drakkar' barracks of French 1st Parachute Chasseur Regimentand 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment, Ramlet al Baida, Beirut Date October 23, 1983; 40 years ago 06:22 am Attack type Suicide attack, truck bombs Deaths Total: 307 241 US militarypersonnel 58 French militarypersonnel 6 civilians 2 suicide bombers Injured 150 Perpetrator Islamic Jihad Organization (claimed responsibility) Iranian Ministry of Intelligence (court finding) Motive United States and French support for Iraq The first suicide bomber detonated a truck bomb at the building serving as a barracks for the 1st Battalion 8th Marines (Battalion Landing Team – BLT 1/8) of the 2nd Marine Division, killing 220 marines, 18 sailors and three soldiers, making this incident the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Marine Corps since the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II and the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Armed Forcessince the first day of the Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War.[1][2] Another 128 Americans were wounded in the blast. 13 later died of their injuries, and they are counted among the number who died.[3] An elderly Lebanese man, a custodian/vendor who was known to work and sleep in his concession stand next to the building, was also killed in the first blast.[4][1][5] The explosives used were later estimated to be equivalent to as much as 12,000 pounds (5,400 kg) of TNT.[6][7][8] Minutes later, a second suicide bomber struck the nine-story Drakkar building, a few kilometers away, where the French contingent was stationed. 55 paratroopers from the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment and three paratroopers of the 9th Parachute Chasseur Regiment were killed and 15 injured. It was the single worst French military loss since the end of the Algerian War.[9] The wife and four children of a Lebanese janitor at the French building were also killed, and more than twenty other Lebanese civilians were injured.[10] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings A short history of suicide bombing By Iain Overton on 23 Aug 2020 The world’s first suicide bomber This report offers a brief overview of the growth of the suicide bomber as a weapon of war, from sporadic early attempts, to the development of the situation we see today – where there are weekly incidents of suicide bombings around the world. For a more detailed review of the history of the suicide bomber, please consider reading AOAV Executive Director’s book: ‘The Price of Paradise – how the suicide bomber shaped the modern age.’ The first bombing On 13 March 1881, Ignaty Grinevitsky watched as his accomplice threw a small bomb at the convoy of Tsar Alexander II outside the Winter Palace in St Petersburg. Safely enclosed in a carriage made from bullet-proof material as a gift from Napoleon III, the Tsar stepped out, dazed but unhurt. Grinevitsky saw his chance. The young man, a member of The People’s Will left-wing terrorist group, rushed towards his target, dropping a bomb at the Tsar’s feet killing them both. The night before the attack Grinevitsky had written: ‘I shall not live one day, one hour in the bright season of our triumphs, but I believe that with my death I shall do all that it is my duty to do.’ And in that deadly act, Grinevitsky was to make his mark on history: the first recorded suicide bomber. Fast forward 130 years and suicide bombings in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq are a regular occurrence. They have been used in over 40 different countries and territories over the last 30 years, killing at least fifty thousand people. They are, today, the weapon of choice for some of the most feared terrorist organisations. But how did they come to be so prevalent, and why have suicide attacks emerged as the weapon of choice in some contexts but not in others? What do we mean by ‘suicide attacks’? Suicide bombings are those that involve the deliberate death of the perpetrator. The perpetrator functions as a sophisticated guidance system for the weapon, capable of approaching a target and detonating at the most devastating moment. Admittedly, the word ‘suicide’ can imply a degree of choice that may not always exist. There are frequent reports of vulnerable people, like children or the mentally ill, being coerced or manipulated into carrying out attacks. In Afghanistan, child suicide bombers are even sometimes given an amulet containing Koranic verses and told that it will protect them. For ease of reference, though, we term these attacks as ‘suicide’. But to do so is not with the intention of overstating the responsibility of all suicide bombers – it is clear that, in some cases, the perpetrator is a victim as well. Japanese Kamikaze pilots Despite what we may assume from the current, highly reported tactics and rationale of suicide bombers, they were not always exclusively the preserve of terrorist organisations. Some of the first suicide bombings of the twentieth century involved the Japanese military, fighting as they were in the Second World War. Faced with the overwhelming naval aerial superiority of the Allied forces in the Pacific, they desperately resorted to the use of the Tokkotai. This ‘special attack unit’, popularly known as Kamikaze or ‘divine wind’, consisted of planes and boats loaded with bombs. The pilots were instructed to crash into naval targets. Their ranks were plucked from volunteers from conscripts or universities. The militaristic Japanese culture at the time forbade any form of surrender, and the leap from this sense of death with honour, to volunteering as a human bomb was not such a large one. The Tokkotai were first deployed at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. A plane struck the St Lo aircraft carrier, triggering a fire which eventually sunk the ship. Their use peaked at the Battle of Okinawa where 30 Allied ships were sunk or put out of action. In total around 3,860 suicide attacks were carried out by the Japanese before the end of the war. Their impact in addressing the balance of naval power in the Pacific, however, should not be over-estimated. It was expensive and often the planes lacked the penetrative force to sink a ship – only around 50 ships were sunk by Tokkotai. But the attacks did have a real and lasting psychological impact on the Allied sailors. Admiral Halsey, commander of the US Third Fleet declared that it was ‘the only weapon I feared in war’. The attacks also sent a message of fanaticism and intimidation to Japan’s enemies. Unlike modern suicide bombings, the Tokkotai attacks were directed exclusively at military targets. That said, the themes in the Japanese tactics of a military imbalance, indoctrination, and psychological intimidation can be seen years later – and are today seen in suicide bombings by non-state groups. It is hard, then, not to see the dark foreshadows of the September 11th 2001 attacks in the tactics of the Tokkotai. Lack of suicide bombings during the Cold War There were no reported incidents of suicide bombings after the Second World War until the 1980s, despite conflicts between insurgent groups facing a larger and better armed opponent (such as in Afghanistan, Vietnam, Angola, Northern Ireland, and Nicaragua). Partly this reticence to use suicide bombers by non-state actors, may have been due to the relatively easy access to conventional weapons supplied by the two dominant super powers of the time – the US and Russia. It may also have been down to the lack of a successful precedent to inspire copycat attacks. During this period, though, there were developments that would be important influences in the emergence of suicide terror at the end of the 20th century. After the Second World War, the US and UK encouraged and strengthened radical Islamic movements in the Middle East to contain the spread of the Soviet Union and to suppress nationalist movements hostile to the West. It was also during the 1970s that Saudi Arabia began to spend billions of dollars to promote Wahhabism, an ultra conservative reading of Islam, around the world. Today Wahabbist or Salafist groups are among some of the most prolific users of suicide attacks. Lebanon The first large suicide bombing campaign after the Second World War occurred in the 1980s, during the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. The largest bombings happened on 23 October 1983, when a truck was driven into a US Marine base in Lebanon, using 2,000 pounds of explosives. The bomber killed himself, along with 241 military personnel. Seconds later, another bomber struck the operations building of French paratroopers and killed 58 more. These bombings were blamed on Shiite militant groups supported by Iran. They eventually became the militant group Hezbollah. They went on to be responsible for a series of around 20 suicide attacks directed at the Israeli and Lebanese armies in the 1980s. Car bombs in Lebanon were already a regular occurrence but suicide attacks added a new dimension to the threat. They required a broad range of security measures and their novelty captured widespread media attention. Muhammad Hussein Fadalallah, a spiritual guide of Hezbollah, described under what circumstances suicide bombers were to be deployed: ‘We believe that suicide operations should only be carried out if they can bring about a political change in proportion to the passions that incite a person to make his body an explosive bomb.’ These attacks were, then, not seen to be – on the part of the users – pointless acts of brutality but were carefully considered and believed to have a real political impact. In some ways this thinking was borne out by realities. The bombing of the military bases successfully undermined US public support for continued involvement in the Lebanese war, and the Multinational Force withdrew from Lebanon. Similar suicide attacks on Israeli military bases persuaded the Israelis to move out of population centres. At this stage, for the most part, suicide bombings were directed at military targets, though civilians were sometimes part of the collateral damage. The highly organised campaign in Lebanon was a breakthrough moment in the history of suicide bombings. The strategic successes helped to popularise the tactic and raise the profile of Hezbollah. They were the first Islamic group to carry out suicide attacks and the group would go on to play an important role in exporting their knowledge to Palestinian militant groups. (Data from the University of Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism) The Palestinian territories In 1994, around 10 years after suicide attacks began in Lebanon, Palestinian groups like Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad began using suicide bombers against Israeli targets to disrupt talks for a potential peace process. Many of these attacks were deliberately targeted at civilians. Over time, at least 742 civilians were killed and 4,899 were wounded by suicide bombings in Israel and the Palestinian Territories according to data from the University of Chicago. In Lebanon a further 88 civilians were killed by suicide bombings and 160 were wounded. The first attacks occurred in April 1994, when eight people were killed in a car bomb attack on a bus in Afula in Israel. Hamas claimed responsibility. Bombings continued sporadically in the 1990s with seven in 1995, three in 1996, five in 1997, two in 1998 and two in 2000. An upsurge in Palestinian suicide bombings followed in the next three years decade with 103 bombings. The increase corresponds with the second intifada following the breakdown of the Camp David negotiations. As violence intensified, the military wing of Fatah, the Al-Aqsa Brigades, also began to deploy suicide bombers. Many of these attacks were deliberately aimed at civilians. In part this reflects a broader decline of the taboo on targeting and killing civilians over the last century. But it is also a specific feature of the campaigns of the Islamic militant groups involved. Attacks against Israeli civilians were justified by claiming that two things. First, that they are non-believers who are an extension of the Israeli occupation, and therefore legitimate targets who do not qualify as civilians. Second, that Israel had killed many innocent Palestinian civilians and this was therefore a justified act of revenge. Mahmoud Ahmed Marmash, a twenty-one-year old suicide bomber who blew himself up near Tel Aviv in May 2001 explained such a decision on a video before his mission: ‘I want to avenge the blood of the Palestinians, especially the blood of the women, of the elderly, and of the children, and in particular the blood of the baby girl Iman Heijo, whose death shook me to the core…. I devote my humble deed to the Islamic believers who admire the martyrs and who work for them.’ His argument captures the mixture of religious and personal motivations which fuel suicide bombings. On the one hand his death was part of a wider religious Jihad, on the other it is motivated by a very personal desire for revenge. For the first time suicide bombings began to be used as a means of transmitting fear throughout a whole population. These attacks were no longer unorthodox tactics in a guerrilla war against a state military, but a horribly effective means of terrorising civilians. Popular support for suicide bombings in the Occupied Palestinian Territories remains high. A 2013, Pew survey of global attitudes found that 62% of those questioned in the Palestinian Territories believed that suicide bombing can often, or sometimes, be justified. In Pakistan, though, that figure is just 3%. Such figures are important for those who seek to reduce the spread of suicide attacks. Groups carrying out suicide bombings are hoping to win public support; if the bombings do not resonate in a positive way then their cause will fail. And so long as support for bombings remains, there may well be a resurgence of the tactic among Palestinian militant groups in the future. Sri Lanka Not all groups that have deployed suicide bombers have a national-religious ideology. In Sri Lanka, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a secular guerrilla movement, began using suicide bombings in the late 1980s, as part of their campaign to create a separate state for Tamil people in Northern and Eastern Sri Lanka. The group was led by Velupillai Prabhakaran. He developed a cult of personality around himself and played a pivotal role in the recruitment of suicide bombers known as the Black Tigers. LTTE members training at Hezbollah terrorist camps were convinced by the successes of the Beirut bombings in 1983. To join the Black Tigers, LTTE members had to write application letters to Prabhakaran who would decide whether they were worthy. There were so many applications that a lottery for martyrs was created. The first suicide bombing in Sri Lanka had strong similarities with the Beirut bombings four years previously. On 5 July 1987 an explosives-laden truck was driven into a Sri Lankan Army Barracks, killing 55 soldiers. The perpetrator of the attack was commemorated with a statue in the Tamil occupied town of Jaffna. Even in this secular campaign there existed a kind of martyrdom for those prepared to give their lives. The Black Tigers were the world leaders in suicide terrorism from 1980 to 2003. Time Magazine describe the LTTE as ‘the most successful terrorist organization in the world.’ Of the 137 suicide bombings carried out by the LTTE, two were high profile assassinations: the Sri Lankan Prime Minister, Ranasinghe Premadasa, and the Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. Five further Sri Lankan cabinet members were assassinated by suicide bombings. The Black Tigers also invented the suicide belt which would go on to be used regularly in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Suicide bombers like Captain Miller were worth their weight in gold for the Tamil cause The Black Widows Female suicide bombers have also been used in a wide range of conflicts. The University of Chicago recorded 125 attacks involving female suicide bombers between 1981 and 2010 – just over 5% of those they recorded. Among the most famous group of female suicide bombers are those referred to as the ‘Black Widows’ by the Russian media. Fighting for independence in Chechnya, they were often women who had lost husbands and brothers to the conflict. Attacks carried out by women have a range of tactical advantages. Firstly, they attract significant media interest, sending a message that the cause has spread beyond a radical male youth. Secondly, the bombers attract less suspicion than their male counterparts, and are able to access areas which men cannot. Female suicide bombers are still used today for these reasons, particularly by the Islamist militant group, Boko Haram. https://aoav.org.uk/2020/a-short-history-of-suicide-bombings/ உண்மையை உய்த்தறியாத அதீத புகழ்ச்சியும், தற்புகழ்ச்சியும் போராளிகளின் தியாகங்களையும் வீரத்தையும் கொச்சைப்படுத்துவதாக அமைந்துவிடும். F-117 aircraft Actions Also known as: Nighthawk Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents F-117, single-seat, twin-engine jet fighter-bomber built by the Lockheed Corporation (now part of the Lockheed Martin Corporation) for the U.S. Air Force. It was the first stealthaircraft—i.e., an aircraft designed entirely around the concept of evading detection by radar and other sensors. After a difficult development period, during which several prototypes crashed during testing, the first operational craft was secretly delivered to the Air Force in 1982. The existence of the aircraft was officially acknowledged in 1988, and production ended in 1990 with the 59th plane. There was only one operational variant, known as the F-117A. F-117s saw extensive combat use, from the incursion into Panama in 1989 through the Persian Gulf War of 1990–91 to the Iraq War of 2003–11. The only combat loss took place in 1999, during the Kosovo conflict. The F-117 was retired in stages between 2006 and 2008. F-117 See all media Category: Science & Tech Also called: Nighthawk Key People: Ben R. Rich Related Topics: fighter aircraft stealth jet aircraft See all related content → The F-117 had its origins in a request made in 1974 by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense for a military aircraftthat would emit or reflect so little radio, infrared, or light energy that it could slip undetected through an enemy’s electronic warning system. As developed by Lockheed’s Advanced Development Projects division (known as the “Skunk Works” for its top-secret work on such aircraft as the U-2 and SR-71 spy planes), the F-117 had a triangular outline, wings swept sharply back from the nose at a 67° angle, and a surface composed of many flat planes oriented in such a manner as to reflect radar waves away from their transmitter. Radar reflection was further reduced by surface coatings of radar-absorbing material. Power was supplied by two General Electric turbofan jet engines, which, having no afterburners, limited the aircraft to subsonic speeds but reduced its infrared emissions. Weaponry, consisting of laser-guided bombs or radar-seeking or infrared-seeking missiles, was carried internally. By using inertial guidance, infrared sensors, digital maps, and radio commands from satellites or other aircraft, the F-117 could navigate without emitting its own telltale radar signals. https://www.britannica.com/technology/F-117

of 1972. 39 of 1975. CHAPTER 297 LAND REFORM A LAW TO ESTABLISH A LAND REFORM COMMISSION TO FIX A CEILING ON THE EXTENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND THAT MAY BE OWNED BY PERSONS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE VESTING OF LANDS OWNED IN EXCESS OF SUCH CEILING IN THE LAND REFORM COMMISSION AND FOR SUCH LAND TO BE HELD BY THE FORMER OWNERS ON A STATUTORY LEASE FROM THE COMMISSION, TO PRESCRIBE THE PURPOSES AND THE MANNER OF DISPOSITION BY THE COMMISSION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS VESTED IN THE COMMISSION SO AS TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT. TO PROVIDE FOR THE PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION TO PERSONS DEPRIVED OF THEIR LANDS UNDER THIS LAW AND FOR MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH OR INCIDENTAL THERETO Short title. Purposes of this Law. I. This Law may be cited as the Land Reform Law. 2. The purposes of this Law shall be to establish a Land Reform Commission with the following objects : - (a) to ensure that no person shall own agricultural land in excess of the ceiling; and (b) to take over agricultural land owned by any person in excess of the ceiling and to utilize such land in a manner which will result in an increase in its productivity and in the employment generated from such land. PART CEILING ON AGRICULTURAL LAND [26th August. 1972.] acres, so however that the total extent of any paddy land, if any, comprised in such fifty acres shall not exceed the ceiling on paddy land specified in paragraph (a). be deemed to vest In the Commission; and be deemed to be held by such person under a statutory lease from the Commission. (a) an area not exceeding half an acre in extent surrounding the residence of the owner of such land; (b) any garden surrounding staff quarters or labour lines on such land, not in excess of one-eighth of an acre in extent for every family resident in such quarters or lines; and Ceiling on agricultural land. ( I) On and after the date of 3. commencement of this Law the maximum extent of agricultural land which may be owned by any person, in this Law referred to as the" ceiling n, shall- (a) if such land consists exclusively of paddy land, be twenty-five acres; or (b) if such land does not consist exclusively of paddy land, be fifty XI/368 Any agricultural land owned by any (2) person in excess of the ceiling on the date of commencement of this Law shall as from that date- (a) (b) (3) agricultural land for the purpose of applying the ceiling, the following areas situated on such land shall not be taken into account :- In the computation of the acreage of Interim order declaring possession of any agricultural land subject to (c) (4) any area not exceeding half an acre set apart for a family burial ground. For the purpose of subsection (1)- (4) As long as the interim order is in force the Commission shall not alienate the agricultural land to which the interim order relates: Provided, however, that, where no reference has been made under subsection (2), the interim order made under subsection (I) shall have the effect of a final order under subsection (3). 5. Where after the date of commencement of this Law any person becomes the owner of agricultural land in excess of the ceiling, any such land owned by such person in excess of the ceiling shall as from that date- (0) where any land is subject to a mortgage, lease, usufruct or life interest, the mortgagor, the lessor or the person in whom the title to the land subject to the usufruct or life interest is ; and (b) where any land is held on a permit or a grant issued under the Land Development Ordinance, the permit-holder or the alienee on such grant, shall be deemed to be the owner of such agricultural land: Provided, however, that where the lessor of any agricultural land under paragraph (0) of this subsection is the State, the lessee of such agricultural land shall be deemed to be the owner. 4. (1) Where there is a dispute between parties as to the ownership of any agricultural land which is subject to the ceiling the Commission may, after such inquiry as it may deem fit, make an interim be deemed to Commission; and vest In the Special provisionsto apply where persons become owners of agricultural land in excess of the ceiling after the date of commence- ment. Effect of vesting of agricultural land in the Commission under this Law. Special provisions relating to co- owned agricultural land. Ownership of agricultural land by body corporate. Servitude not to be affected by change of ownership of agricultural land. the ceiling may be made by the order declaring one of such parties to be Commission. entitled to the possession of such agricultural land. Every interim order shall be published in the Gazette and shall come into force on the date of such publication. (2) Within two weeks of the publication of the interim order in the Gazette the Commission of its own motion or any of the parties to the dispute referred to in subsection (l) may refer such dispute to a court of competent jurisdiction for final adjudication. (.3) Till the final order is made by a court on such reference, the interim order shall be valid and effectual and shall not be called in question in any court by way of writ or otherwise. So long and for so long only as the interim order is in force the person declared by such interim order to be entitled to possess the agricultural land shall be deemed for the purpose of section 3 to be the owner of such agricultural land. LAND REFORM [Cap. 297 XIj369 (0) (b) 6. in the Commission under this Law, such vesting shall have the effect of giving the Commission absolute title to such land as from the date of such vesting, and free from allencumbrances. 7. For the purposes of this Law, where any agricultural land is co-owned, each co- owner shall be deemed to own his share in such land as a distinct and separate entity. 8. For the purposes of this Law, where any agricultural land is owned by a private company or co-operative society, the shareholders of such company, or society, as the case may be, shall be deemed to own such land for the purposes of section 3, in proportion to the shares held by each shareholder of such company, or society, as the case may be. 9. No servitude over any agri https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/srl13619.pdf Land Reform Law AN LAW to establish a Land Reform Commission to fix a ceiling on the extent of agricultural land that may be owned by persons, to provide for the vesting of lands owned in excess of such ceiling in the Land Reform Commission and for such land to be held by the former owners on a statutory lease from the Commission, to prescribe the purposes and the manner of disposition by the Commission of agricultural lands vested in the Commission so as to increase productivity and employment, to provide for the payment of compensation to persons deprived of their lands under this Law and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. LAND REFORM LAW Arrangement of Sections 1. Short title. 2. Purposes of this Law. PART I CEILING ON AGRICULTURAL LAND 3. Ceiling on agricultural land. 4. Interim order declaring possession of any agricultural land subject to the ceiling may be made by the Commission. 5. Special provisions to apply where persons become owners of agricultural land in excess of the ceiling after the date of commencement. 6. Effect of vesting of agricultural land in the Commission under this Law. 7. Special provisions relating to co-owned agricultural land. 8. Ownership of agricultural land by body corporate. 9. Servitude not to be affected by change of ownership of agricultural land. 10. Rights of tenant cultivators not to be affected by change of ownership. 11. Statutory lessee may surrender lease on giving the prescribed notice to the Commission. 12. Agricultural lands subject to a mortgage, lease, usufruct or life interest. 13. Certain transfers of agricultural land to be reported to the Commission within three months of the commencement of the Law and the Commission may invalidate such transfers. 14. Inter family transfer of agricultural land after the commencement of this Law. 15. Terms and conditions of statutory leases. 16. An authorised officer or agent of the Commission may issue directions to the police for the ejectment of unlawful occupiers of a land subject to a statutory lease. 17. Where an authorised officer or agent is unable or apprehends that he will be unable to eject unlawful occupiers of agricultural land subject to a statutory lease. PART II DECLARATION IN RESPECT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND AND VESTING AND ALIENATION OF SUCH LAND 18. Declaration in respect of agricultural land subject to a statutory lease. 19. Provisions applicable on the receipt by the Commission of a statutory declaration. 20. Effect of a statutory determination published under section 19. 21. Contents of a statutory determination published in the Gazette. 22. Purposes for which agricultural land vested in the Commission may be used. 23. Agricultural land not to be alienated by the Commission to persons who are not citizens of Sri Lanka. 24. Terms and conditions of alienation of agricultural land by the Commission. 25. Special provisions applicable to alienation of agricultural land by the Commission. 26. Applications for alienated of agriculture land by the Commission. 27. Price at which land shall be alienated by the Commission. 27A. Minister may by Order vest in State Corporation agricultural or estate land vested in the Commission. 27B. Revival of certain encumbrances. PART III COMPENSATION 28. Compensation payable by the Commission in respect of land vested in it under this Law. 28A. Provision relating to the viewer or refund of certain taxes. 29. Notice to persons entitled to make claims to the compensation payable under this law in respect of any agricultural land vested in the Commission. 30. Determination of compensation. 31. Commission to make an award as to the amount of compensation. 32. Payment of Compensation. 33. Provision for cases where compensation is not accepted. 34. Deductions from compensation. 35. Compensation and interest payable. 36. Persons dissatisfied with the amount of compensation awarded may appeal there from to the Board of Review constituted under the Land Acquisition Act. 37. Application of certain sections of the Land Acquisition Act in relation to appeals to the Board of Review under this Law. 38. Finality of an award made under this Law. 39. Tender and payment of compensation. 40. Power of the Chairman of the Commission to pay advances on account of compensation. 41. Central Bank to issue securities for payment of compensation under this law. 42. Mode and manner of payment of compensation. PART IIIA SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO ESTATE LANDS OWNED BY PUBLIC COMPANIES 42A. Vesting of estate lands owned or possessed by public companies. 42B. Management of vested estate lands. 42C. Particulars to be furnished by statutory trustees. 42D. Ejectment of unlawful occupiers of vested estate lands. 42E. Servitudes not to be affected by the vesting of estate lands. 42F. Estate lands subject to mortgages, leases, usufruct or life interest. 42G. Termination of the statutory trusts. 42H. Purposes for which estate lands vested in the Commission may be used. 42J. Compensation. 42K. Vesting of the business undertakings of agency houses or organisations. 42L. Appointment and removal of Directors of agency houses and organisations. 42LL. Certain estate lands deemed to be an estate lands owned by a public company on the date of coming into operation of this part of this Law. 42M. Interpretation. PART IV ESTABLISHMENT, CONSTITUTION, POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LAND REFORM COMMISSION 43. Establishment of land Reform commission. 44. Powers of the Commission. 45. Constitution of the Commission. 46. Seal of the Commission. 47. Powers of the Minister in relation to the commission. 48. Officers and servants of the Commission deemed to be public servants. 49. Commission deemed to be a scheduled institution within the meaning of the Bribery Act. 50. District Land Reform Authorities. PART V STAFF OF THE COMMISSION 51. Appointment of officers and servants. 52. Powers of the Commission in regard to the staff of the Commission. PART VI FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS OF THE COMMISSION 53. Capital of the Commission. 54. Fund of the Commission. 55. Financial year of the Commission. 56. Application of provisions of the Public Corporations (Financial Control) Act........ Contd,.... https://www.srilankalaw.lk/l/608-land-reform-law.html Turning points in Sri Lanka’s Land Policy: MCC and its predecessors. https://www.lstlanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Turning-points-in-Sri-Lankas-Land-Policy_English.pdf 1972 இல் நில உச்சவரம்பு சட்டம் என்பது இலங்கைத் தமிழரைக் குறிவைத்து இயற்றப்பட்டது என்பது தவறான கற்பிதம் என நினைக்கிறேன்.

தாங்கள் போராளி குடும்பத்தினர் என்றால் உங்களுக்கான பொறுப்பு இன்னும் அதிகம். விடயங்களை மிகவும் நிதானத்துடன் அணுக வேண்டும். இல்லையேல், அது தங்கள் சகோதரன்/சகொதரியின் அர்ப்பணிப்பை சேதப்படுத்தும் அபாயம் இருக்கிறது.

1) பூமிக்கும் பாரம் சோற்றுக்கும் கேடு 2) விசுகர் கூறுவதில் நியாயம் இருக்கிறது. ஏனென்றால் அவர் விபு களின் செயற்பாடுகளை தொடர்ச்சியாக ஆதரித்தவர், சேர்ந்தியங்கியவர். அவர் அதை ஏற்றுக்கொள்வதில் அவரது நேர்மை வெளிப்படுகிறது. ஆனால் தாங்கள் யார்? An Anonymous. தாங்கள் இதைக் கூறுவதென்றால் தாங்கள் களத்தில் நிற்க வேண்டும். கொல்லப்படுவது வேறு யாரோ பெற்ற பிள்ளைகள். கொல்வதும் வேறு யாரோ பெற்ற பிள்ளைகள். வெளிநாடுகளில் பாதுகாப்பாக தாங்களும் இருந்துகொண்டு, தங்கள் பிள்ளைகளையும் பாதுகாப்பாக கல்வியறிவூட்டி வளர்த்துக்கொண்டு, களைகள் ஒழிக்கப்பட வேண்டும் எனக் கூறுவது சுத்த அயோக்கியத்தனம்.

இந்தியா என்றொரு நாடு இருக்கக் கூடாது என்பதற்கு இந்த்ச் சம்பவம் இன்னொரு சாட்சி. 😏