NAIDOC வாரம் : ஒவ்வொரு வருடமும் ஆடி மாதத்தின் முதல் வாரத்தை, அவுஸ்ரேலிய பூர்வீக குடிகளின் வாராமாக, அவர்களது வரலாறு, கலாச்சாரம் போன்றவற்றை கொண்டாடுவார்கள். அந்த வகையில் நான் வாழும் நாட்டின் நகரங்கள் எந்த வகை பூர்வீக குடிகளை கொண்டது என்பதை சொல்லும் ஒரு பதிவு. 

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Australia is built on Aboriginal land and this continent is made up of many First Nations groups. 

By 

Sophie Verass, Alexis Moran

 

4 JUL 2022 - 11:24 AM  UPDATED 8 HOURS AGO

Place defines us. It influences where we live or what language we speak. But it's also more than that. 

It's belonging to the land and listening to her stories.

It's knowing when the wet season arrives in the Top End or what time of year the wattle booms down south.

It determines who we cheer for in the State of Origin or AFL grand final.  

This land is ancient and so is Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture. 

It was only 120-odd years ago, in 1901, that the British colonies here became Federated into eight states and territories.

But within these districts, the long-running sovereignty of First Nations remains, divided into over 250 clan groups.

Please note: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are oral. These are the spellings that SBS, NITV & Traditional Owners agreed upon after extensive community consultation. Alternative spellings for these place names exist. For more information on Aboriginal geography, go to the AIATSIS map of Indigenous Australia.

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Adelaide - Tarndanya

Groups: Kaurna 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Connected to the Red Kangaroo Dreaming, Tarndanya refers to the location south of the Karrawirra Parri (Torrens River) covering what is now the site of Adelaide city. The Kaurna word directly translates as 'male red kangaroo rock', referring to an original rock formation on the site (sadly, now destroyed). 

Kaurna is pronounced Gaa-Na. 

According to Kaurna and Narungga community leader Jack Buckskin, 'Kaurna' was the name given by neighbouring clan groups to the people who live on what is now known as Adelaide, and this stuck after being recorded on a 1920s Aboriginal map. The people themselves actually identified as 'Miyurna'

Like many Indigenous languages, Kaurna was at the threat of extinction for most of the 19th & 20th Centuries. In the 1980s, Kaurna Elders set about a revival of their language, assisted by a precious document — some-3,000 language words recorded by German missionaries in the 1800s. Since then, there's been a generous effort to reawaken Kaurna language in Adelaide, with Kaurna Linguistics courses available at The University of Adelaide, Year 11 & 12 language courses and Adelaide city council showcases dual place namesacross the metro region. 

 

Alice Springs - Mparntwe

Groups: Eastern Arrernte, Central Western Arrernte

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mparntwe is Arrernte for 'Watering Place'. It refers to the waterhole in the Todd River located at the Old Telegraph Station on the northside of town. The place name, Mparntwe covers the majority of the Alice Springs township, with two other estates/place names, Irlpme over the south and Antulye on the east. 

Mparntwe is pronounced M'bun-twa. Western Arrernte pronounces their name Arrunda and Eastern Arrernte say A'run-ta.

Eastern Arrernte Traditional Owners, the Laughton family, share that the mountainous MacDonell Ranges represent a chain of caterpillars (Yeperenye's), one of the main creation stories of Mparntwe. The main range overlooking the town, Mount Gillen is the tail of one of the caterpillars and its head slides into Heavitree Gap.  

 

Brisbane - Meanjin

Groups: Turrbal, Yuggera and Yugambeh

 

 

 

 

 

 

Meanjin is a Turrbal (sometimes spelled Turrubul) word for the area where Brisbane's central city was established on Turrbal Country.

According to the Queensland state library, Turrbal Country covers Brisbane’s Northside, Pine River, Bribie Island, and parts of Greater Brisbane and Redcliffe.

The library states Yuggera (sometimes spelled Jagara), on the other hand, covers Ipswich, Lockyer, Boonah, Brisbane Valley, Brisbane Western Suburbs, parts of Greater Brisbane, Esk, Fassifern Valley and Gatton.

To the south, the Yugambeh "language region" of South East Queensland includes landscape within the City of Gold Coast, City of Logan, Scenic Rim Regional Council and the Tweed River Valley.

 

Canberra - Ngunnawal/Ngambri

 

 

 

 

 

There are two clan groups with ties to the Canberra region (three including the Ngarigo people of the Monaro region, some of whom claim the far-south suburbs).

With 200 years of colonisation interfering with First Nations' recorded histories, disputes over traditional ownership and boundaries do occur. This is not exclusive to Canberra or Australia, but Indigenous groups across the globe.

While the Ngunnawal (pronounced Nun-a-wol or Noon-a-wel) are formally recognised as the Traditional Owners by the ACT Government, there is a strong campaign that Canberra is built across ‘Ngambri Country’ (pronounced Ngam-bree).   

The Ngunnawal and Ngambri mob have various understandings of one another. Ngunnawal Custodian Adrian Brown, for example, knows Ngunnawal to be the overarching nation and Ngambri (or Kambri) as one of the several language groups within it. Ngambri Custodian, Paul House, on the other hand, regards Ngambri as the original local people and the Ngunnawal as a north-west neighbouring group. Some Ngunnawal Elders, like Wally Bell, are dubious of the Ngambri identity altogether. 

According to Ngunnawal Elder Wally Bell, Ngunnawal Country's approximate boundaries lie between Numeralla in the South, Crookwell in the North, the Brindabella Ranges in the West, and the escarpment near Braidwood in the West. 

Ngunnawal/Ngambri Custodian, Paul House says Ngambri Country lies south-west of Weereewa (Lake George) within the surrounding rivers: Goodradigbee in the West, Murrumbidgee in the South and Yass in the East.   

According to historian Ann Jackson-Nakano, the name 'Canberra' derives from the word Ngambri, with settler Joshua John Moore naming his 1821 property "Camberry" after the local people. Paul House shares that Moore's station on the Acton Peninsula (now the site of the National Museum, the ANU and City Hill) was originally a corroboree ground for the Ngambri.   

Ngunnawal Custodian Adrian Brown shares that the Murrumbidgee River, which flows through the ACT, means 'ceremony for men' in Ngunnawal. 'Murrum' means 'Pathway' and Bidgee means 'Boss'. Still today, Ngunnawal men will practice ceremony on the banks of the river, traversing upstream toward Mount Kosciuszko as they receive their Totems and corresponding land management responsibilities. 

 

Darwin - Garramilla

Groups: Larrakia

 

 

 

 

 

 

Larrakia word 'Garramilla' translates as "white rock", referring to the unique white stone cliff faces found around Darwin's beaches and harbour.   

Larrakia Country runs from the Cox peninsula in the west, to Gunn Point in the north, and the Adelaide River in the east, down to the Manton Dam area southwards.

As Saltwater mob, the Larrakia People have strong connections to the sea and have a long history of voyage and trade with neighbouring groups such as Tiwi, Wagait and Wulna.  

Larrakia protocols are guided by three key totems: the boetdoemba (sea eagle), danggalaba (saltwater crocodile) and malama guligi (king brown snake). These three 'bosses' embody the air, sea and land and represent the key principles for the Larrakia in response to caring for Country: wisdom, guidance and respect.

 

Hobart - nipaluna

Groups: palawa people

 

 

 

 

 

 

Records show that nipaluna was the name used by the original inhabitants of the Hobart region, the Muwinina people (to whom we pay our respects as according to the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre, none are surviving today), and refers to this sprawl of Country.  

nipaluna is pronounced nee-pah-lu-nah and Palawa is pah-lah-wah. The 'u' is pronounced as in 'put'. 

The Palawa people are the Tasmanian Aboriginal community of lutruwita (Tasmania). palawa kani is the revived language of the Tasmanian Aboriginal people. 

To mark 2019 International Year of Indigenous languages, the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre developed an interactive map of the Aboriginal place names of over 200 places in lutruwita.

 

Melbourne - Naarm

Groups: Kulin Nation

 

 

 

 

 

 

Records show that what is now the deep, wet Port Phillip Bay was once a large flat grassy plain. This area was known as Naarm, and it was a vast hunting ground for the local Kulin mob until a catastrophic ocean flood formed today's body of water.    

Melbourne's Kulin Nation is made up of five Aboriginal clans: Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung, Wathaurrung, Daungwurrung and Dja Dja Wurrung. 

Boon Wurrung Elder Aunty Carolyn Briggs shares the creation story of the great flood; of a time when the Kulin Nations were in conflict and neglected the land. This made the sea angry and begin to rise, taking away the peoples' Country as punishment and thus creating a body of water on top of their precious hunting ground, Naarm. 

 

Perth - Boorloo

Groups: Whadjuk (Noongar Peoples) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Historian Neville Green documents 'Boorloo' as a place name in the Moroo territory, one of four territories of the Whadjak peoples. It extends north of the 'Derbarl Yerrigan' (Swan River), across the Perth CBD and the north-west suburbs. 

Whadjuk nation is a part of the Noongar peoples collective, a network of 13 or so similar linguistic groups covering south-west Western Australia.

Boorloo is pronounced Boo-rr-loo and Whadjuk is Wad-jack.

'Wagual' is a central creation story for the Noongar people, known as a serpent-like spirit that created the Swan and Canning Rivers. Wagual's home is said to at the Derbarl Yerrigan bend near Success Hill where they continue to maintain a fresh water source for people and animals.

Interestingly, the word 'Quokka' — the big-cheeked marsupial found on Wadjemup (Rottnest Island) — is a Whadjuk word.

 

Sydney - Warrang

Groups: Gadigal, Dharug and Dharawal, Eora

 

 

 

 

 

 

Warrang, also spelled Warrane, has been documented as the Gadigal word for Sydney Cove. 

The Eora Nation comprise a large part of modern-day Sydney; a group consisting of many clans including the Gadigal, the Cammaraygal and the Bidjigal. Eora means 'the people from here'.   

The Eora are generally considered the coastal people from Sydney, an area within the boundaries of St George's River, the Hawkesbury River and the Parramatta River. In the west, from Parramatta stretching to the Blue Mountains, is Dharug Country. The Dharug's clan groups include the Wangal, the Burramattagal and the Cabrogal.

Dharawal Country largely lies across the Illawarra region, however, includes some southern Sydney suburbs. 

Despite being the country's largest metropolis, Sydney maintains thousands of ancient Eora and Dharug rock art around the city. Not just in national parks (although Kuringai Chase boasts the largest concentration of Indigenous sites in Australia) — some as central as Bondi Beach and Gladesville. 

 

NAIDOC Week is a national celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, history and culture, and runs from July 3-10.

Join the conversation #NAIDOC2022

As the National NAIDOC Principal Media Partner and official Education Partner, National NAIDOC Week will be celebrated across all SBS channels and platforms, including an exclusive NAIDOC collection of series and films available to stream on SBS On Demand and NAIDOC education resources via SBS Learn.

https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2022/07/04/do-you-know-what-aboriginal-land-youre-today

முக்கியமாக, ஆஸ்திரேலியாவில், ஆங்கிலேயரும் மற்ற வெள்ளை  இனத்தவரும் Aborigines ஐ அடித்து துரத்தியது மிகவும் வளமான நிலப்பகுதியில் இருந்து.

வளமான நிலப்பகுதி ஆகையால், ஆங்கிலேயருக்கு முதல், Aborgines பஞ்சத்துக்கு உள்ளாகவில்லை. 

இது, அந்த நேரத்தில், நிச்சயமாக Aborgines இயற்கை பெருக்கத்தை  ஆக குறைந்தது குறைத்து இருக்கும். இப்போதைய நிலையில், அது ஓர் இனப்படுகொலை.

இதை ஏன் Aborigines பெரிய விடயமாக முன்வைக்கவில்லை என்பதின் காரணம் தெரியாது உள்ளது.

20 hours ago, Kadancha said:

இப்போதைய நிலையில், அது ஓர் இனப்படுகொலை.

இதை ஏன் Aborigines பெரிய விடயமாக முன்வைக்கவில்லை என்பதின் காரணம் தெரியாது உள்ளது.

உண்மைதான்.. 

இந்த கட்டுரையும் அதையே கூறுகிறது.. இது ஒரு இனப்படுகொலை என..

Genocide in Australia

Nathan mudyi Sentance is a Wiradjuri librarian and essayist.

Author(s) Nathan Sentance

Updated26/05/20

Read time 7 minutes

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“ Genocide brings to mind Hitler and the Jews, not Australia and Aborigines “ -  Sarah Maddison, 2007 (1)

The word “genocide” originates from the work of Polish lawyer Raphäel Lemkin who developed the term in 1942 in response to the Nazi policies of systematic murder of Jewish people during the Holocaust, as well as in response to earlier precedents in history of targeting particular groups of people with the objective of their eradication. Following the work of Lemkin, the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1951 defined genocide as ANY of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such (2):

A. Killing members of the group;

B. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

C. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

D. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

E. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

If you examine Australian history, you can see that the brutality of ongoing invasion and colonisation fits in this definition of genocide in several ways. Firstly, the killing members of the group, if you look at the work of Professor Lyndall Ryan and her research team has found that there were at least 270 frontier massacres over 140 years of Australian history, as part of a state-sanctioned and organised attempts to eradicate First Nations people (3). For Ryan’s work, a massacre is defined as the deliberate killing of six or more defenceless people in one operation. If you investigate some of these massacres in depth you can see how systematic they were. Ryan’s work is in no means comprehensive as many massacres were not documented and many others covered up. Because of colonial genocidal actions like state-sanctioned massacres, the First Nations population went from an estimated 1-1.5 million before invasion to less than 100,000 by the early 1900s (4).

 

Toggle Caption

An 1888 drawing of a massacre by Queensland’s native police at Skull Hole, Mistake Creek, near Winton. A Norwegian scientist, Carl Lumholtz, drew it after being shown ‘a large number of skulls of natives who had been shot by the black police’ several years earlier.Image: State Library of Queensland
© State Library of Queensland - படத்தை இணைக்கமுடியவில்லை

Many will argue that state-sanctioned physical violence has not ended as many First Nations people still die at the hands of police or in police custody. This was highlighted by the 1991 Deaths in Custody report by the Office of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission. Today one First Nations person is killed in circumstances involving police every 28 days (5).

The different state governments of Australia also undertook genocide through their individual Aboriginal protection policies which involved Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group namely the removing First Nations children from their families and forcing them onto state-controlled reserves often run by religious missionaries to be eventually adopted by white families or taken by white families to work for them. The children subjugated by this genocide are commonly referred to as the “Stolen Generations”. This genocide was well documented in the 1997 Bringing Them Report by Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (6).

It has been noted that the forcible removal of First Nations children has devastated the maintenance of First Nations culture as the intention of these reserves and the people who work for them was to “civilise” First Nations children, which meant prohibiting the children from using their language or partaking in their culture (7). Linguist Arthur Capell wrote in 1964: "Government policy looks forward to the loss of Aboriginal languages so that the Aborigines may be 'assimilated'. Because of this, these protection policies were also undertaking what sociologist Christopher Powell refers to as slow genocide often called cultural genocide which is the destruction of language, culture, religion and social institutions of a group with the intended aim of annihilating the group (8). As a result of this, as of 2016, only 10 percent of the First Nations people spoke a First Nations language at home (9).

Due to these protection policies, many members of the Stolen Generations, their families and descendants suffer from trauma. Trauma has been shown to increase the risk of substance misuse, mental and physical ill-health, and can limit employment opportunities (10). As such, the different state governments protection policies could be argued to be Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group which is another definition of genocide.

By 1969, all states had repealed the legislation allowing for the removal of First Nations children under the policy of 'protection'. In 2008, during his time as Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, apologised to the Stolen Generations on behalf of the Australian Parliament (11). However, it has been noted that the removal of First Nations by the state has not ceased (12). In fact, the number of First Nations children taken from their families has doubled since the 2008 apology as then were 17,664 First Nation children in out-of-home care in 2016-17 (13).

The term genocide has been previously controversial when being applied to Australian History so why use the term genocide? We need to use the term genocide so we do not minimise the legacy of the colonisation and how the effects contemporarily manifest themselves. We need to use the term genocide to better understand our history so we can work to change the present and stop future genocide. We need to use the term genocide because it is the truth, it is what happened/is happening in Australia -

“ Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.” - James Baldwin

References

Maddison, S., 2011. Beyond White Guilt. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin., pp 36

United Nations., 2020. United Nations Office On Genocide Prevention And The Responsibility To Protect. [online] Un.org. Available at: <https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml>.

Allam, L. and Evershed, N., 2019. The Killing Times: The Massacres Of Aboriginal People Australia Must Confront. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/04/the-killing-times-the-massacres-of-aboriginal-people-australia-must-confront>.

Miller, R., Ruru, J., Behrendt, L. and Lindberg, T., 2012. Discovering Indigenous Lands. Oxford: Oxford University Press., pp 175

Stanbrook, G., 2019. Black Lives Matter Protest To Be Held In Sydney. [online] IndigenousX. Available at: <https://indigenousx.com.au/join-us-in-the-fight-for-justice-black-lives-matter-protest-to-be-held-in-sydney/>.

Australianstogether.org.au. 2020. Australians Together | The Stolen Generations. [online] Available at: <https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/stolen-generations>

Rademaker, L., 2019. Voices Silenced: What Happened To Our Indigenous Languages?. [online] SBS News. Available at: <https://www.sbs.com.au/news/voices-silenced-what-happened-to-our-indigenous-languages> .

Woolford, A., Benvenuto, J. and Hinton, A., 2014. Colonial Genocide In Indigenous North America. Durham: Duke University Press.

Rademaker, L., 2019. Voices Silenced: What Happened To Our Indigenous Languages?. [online] SBS News. Available at: <https://www.sbs.com.au/news/voices-silenced-what-happened-to-our-indigenous-languages> .

Nogrady, B., 2019. Trauma Of Australia’S Indigenous ‘Stolen Generations’ Is Still Affecting Children Today. [online] Nature.com. Available at: <https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01948-3>.

SBS News. 2015. Timeline: Stolen Generations. [online] Available at: <https://www.sbs.com.au/news/timeline-stolen-generations>.

Behrendt, L., 2016. Indigenous Kids Are Still Being Removed From Their Families, More Than Ever Before | Larissa Behrendt. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2016/feb/13/eight-years-after-the-apology-indigenous-kids-are-still-being-removed-from-their-families> .

Wahlquist, C., 2018. Indigenous Children In Care Doubled Since Stolen Generations Apology. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jan/25/indigenous-children-in-care-doubled-since-stolen-generations-apology>

https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/genocide-in-australia/

இப்பொழுது பல வழிகளில் மூத்த குடிகளின் மொழியை பாதுகாக்க நடவடிக்கைகள் எடுக்கிறார்கள். பல Aborigines இதைப்பற்றி பேச தொடங்கிவிட்டார்கள். 

Edited July 5, 20223 yr by பிரபா சிதம்பரநாதன்
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